Author:
Publication: The Economist
Date: February 26, 2009
URL: http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13185773&fsrc=rss
Shia unhappiness is rattling regimes in Saudi
Arabia and elsewhere in the Gulf
Like the crude oil that lies in vast pools
beneath the Persian Gulf, tensions between the region's Sunni and Shia Muslims
tend to stay below ground. But when pressures build and a ready channel is
cleared, they can bubble to the surface with alarming force. Thirty years
ago the Islamic revolution in Shia-majority Iran inspired a wave of unrest
among fellow Shias of the opposite shore. Things then calmed down. Nervous
Arab rulers, all of them Sunnis, soothed their Shia subjects with a few rights
and promises of more, while Iran largely gave up trying to export its revolutionary
fervour.
But with Iran lately sounding more aggressive
under President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, small incidents are again triggering
bigger eruptions. On February 20th, for instance, a group of female pilgrims
visiting the most revered Shia site in Saudi Arabia, a cemetery in Islam's
second-holiest city, Medina, where hundreds of the Prophet Muhammad's descendants
are said to have been buried, screamed when they spotted what they guessed
was a religious policeman filming them from on top of a security wall. Male
relatives, outraged by this invasion of modesty, demanded the footage. Instead,
the all-Sunni police force arrested five of them, sparking a riot by thousands
of Shia pilgrims, more arrests and injuries. Repeated protests over several
days then spread from Medina to Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province. That province
contains many of the kingdom's Shia minority, numbering about 10% of Saudis,
as well as most of its oil reserves.
As Shia clerics weighed in with calls for
an end to what they called systematic persecution, Sunni extremists accused
the rafida, an abusive term for Shias, meaning rejectionists, of acting as
a fifth column for Iran. "Today they besiege the religious police,"
howled one website commentator. "Tomorrow they will encircle the Eastern
Province along with the Shias of Bahrain and with Iranian backing." The
Saudi king should "strike them with an iron fist", declared the
writer. Another suggested that the Shias be hurled into the Red Sea or, better
still, dropped onto the Iranian shrine city of Qom.
Mention of Bahrain carries particular resonance.
It was in this tiny neighbouring island kingdom, where two-thirds of the citizens
are Shias and where the American Fifth Fleet is based, that sectarian troubles
loomed alarmingly in the 1980s. More recently, in December, Bahrain's authorities
accused 35 Shias of plotting to overthrow the state. Since then, sporadic
riots have rocked the poor Shia villages that ring Bahrain's capital, Manama.
In January three human-rights campaigners were arrested. This week 21 people,
including two of the human-rights activists, appeared in court, accused of
planning to ambush policemen and bomb public property, shopping malls, markets
and hotels.
Yet when Iranian politicians recently sniffed
that Bahrain used to be an Iranian province, Bahrain's main Shia parties were
quick to reaffirm their Arab identity, joining a chorus of Arab protest that
led some commentators to remark pointedly that several Iranian provinces happen
to house large Arab and Sunni populations. Fearing damage to the reputation
it has tried to build as a defender of pan-Islamic causes, Iran hastily apologised
to Bahrain.
The ugly nearby example of sectarian strife
in Iraq, though it has subsided in the past two years, has left little appetite
in the region for more trouble of that kind. Despite suspicions of their loyalty,
Shia Arabs tend to look not to Iran but to their own spiritual leaders for
guidance. Yet with Iran determined to chase the Arabs' American ally from
the Gulf, and with Shia Arabs often still suffering political exclusion and
social stigma, unrest is likely to break out from time to time. Considering
local, regional and international variables, a clash between the Saudi regime
and its Shia citizens is a matter of time, reads an ominous analysis on a
popular Saudi website.