Author: Bertil Lintner/Dhaka
Publication: Far Eastern Economic
Review
Date: April 4, 2002
Rising fundamentalism and religious
intolerance are threatening secularism and moderate Islam. The implications
for the region and beyond are grave, but it's not too late for a counter-revolution
A REVOLUTION IS TAKING PLACE in
Bangladesh that threatens trouble for the region and beyond if left unchallenged.
Islamic fundamentalism, religious intolerance, militant Muslim groups with
links to international terrorist groups, a powerful military with ties
to the militants, the mushrooming of Islamic schools churning out radical
students, middle-class apathy, poverty and lawlessness--all are combining
to transform the nation.
Sounds familiar? Just like Pakistan,
its former overlord, this nation of 130 million people--the third-most
populous in the Muslim world--is slowly moving away from its tradition
of moderate Islam. And the government seems powerless and unwilling to
stem the tide, which includes growing attacks on moderate Muslims and the
dwindling Hindu population.
The instability has caused concern
overseas among the country's donors, who decided during an annual meeting
in Paris in March to tie future development aid to an improvement in the
deteriorating law-and-order situation. But the United States and its allies
seem to have paid scant attention to the deeper long-term danger as they
expand the war on terrorism from Central Asia to Southeast Asia.
"There are some extremists here,
but they belong to fringe groups and are not part of the mainstream," says
a senior Western envoy in Dhaka, trying to downplay the threat.
The country's two leading parties--the
secular, left-leaning Awami League and the conservative Bangladesh Nationalist
Party--were quick to condemn the September 11 terrorist attacks in the
U.S., which left a number of Bangladeshis dead. At a time when the country
was being ruled by an interim government ahead of a general election in
October, both offered cooperation, including the use of Bangladesh airspace
for U.S. warplanes.
But, in a sign of how the tide is
changing, the winning BNP's electoral alliance included the fundamentalist
Jamaat-e-Islami, which won 17 seats in the 300-member parliament. The Jamaat,
which actively opposed independence from Pakistan in 1971, now has a voice
in government for the first time.
Its leader, Matiur Rahman Nizami,
was appointed agriculture minister, while MP Ali Ahsan Mohammad got the
social welfare portfolio. "In a developing, mainly agricultural country
like Bangladesh, these are powerful positions," says another Western diplomat
in the capital, Dhaka.
The party, at least for the time
being, has toned down its calls for rigorous implementation of Islamic
law and put the focus on alleviating poverty. However, it clearly opposes
the U.S. war on terrorism and in October launched a fund to help the "innocent
victims of America's war." It stopped asking for offers when the radical
Taliban were kicked out of power in Afghanistan in November.
While the Jamaat is moving cautiously
toward its goal of an Islamic state, its elevation to government has encouraged
other more extreme Islamic fundamentalist groups and individuals. They
range from rabble-rousing cleric Maulana Ubaidul Haq to around a dozen
radical groups often referred to as the Bangladeshi Taliban.
They include the shadowy Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami,
which is believed to have been founded as an offshoot of a Pakistani group
in 1992 with money and support from suspected global terrorist mastermind
Osama bin Laden. Western intelligence officials believe a certain Fazlul
Rahman, who signed bin Laden's February 23, 1998, declaration of holy war
on the U.S. on behalf of the Jihad Movement in Bangladesh, is an associate
of the now independent group.
Moreover, the radicals' ranks are
being swelled by graduates from the estimated 64,000 madrassas, or religious
schools, which have mushroomed in the past decade and are described by
a retired high-ranking civil servant as a "potential political time bomb."
Just as in Pakistan, the madrassas
fill an important function in a country where basic education is available
only to a few. But the government has no control over them and, as journalist
Salahuddin Babar wrote in a recent edition of Probe magazine, "passing
out from the madrassas, poorly equipped to enter mainstream life and professions,
the students are easily lured by motivated quarters who capitalize on religious
sentiment to create fanatics, rather than modern Muslims."
The madrassas' focus is on religious
instruction and many are funded by proselytizing Arab charities--as in
Pakistan, whose madrassas were the nurseries for many of Afghanistan's
Taliban leaders. Some analysts fear Bangladesh's madrassas could also become
exporters of Islamic revolution.
In the immediate term, Bangladesh's
secular tradition is most at risk from the rise in fundamentalism. Attacks
on Hindus, who generally support the staunchly secular Awami League, are
increasing. "The intimidation of the minorities, which had begun before
the election, became worse afterwards," said The Society for Environment
and Human Development, a local non-governmental organization, in a report
on the October poll. An Amnesty International report concurred and indicated
that members of the BNP-led coalition were responsible.
But neighbouring India and Burma
--which both have Muslim minorities--are also at risk, while the Western
world cannot afford to be complacent either, analysts say.
For example, Maulana Ubaidul Haq,
preaching to hundreds of thousands of people, including cabinet ministers,
at the national mosque in Dhaka, condemned the U.S. war on terrorism and
called for a jihad against the Americans. "President Bush and America is
the most heinous terrorist in the world. Both America and Bush must be
destroyed. The Americans will be washed away if Bangladesh's 120 million
Muslims spit on them," the cleric snarled in an address marking the Eid-ul-Fitr
Muslim festival in December.
Thousands of Islamic militants took
part in anti-U.S. street protests, many brandishing posters of bin Laden,
while the fighting was taking place in Afghanistan.
More ominously, senior Indian police
officers tell the REVIEW that Harkat gunmen were involved in a January
22 attack on the American Cultural Centre in Calcutta that left four of
their colleagues dead. Furthermore, Indian intelligence officials accuse
Pakistan's Interservices Intelligence agency, which long backed the Taliban
in Afghanistan, of securing a foothold in West Bengal through the infiltration
of extremists across the border with Bangladesh. These charges are angrily
denied by Dhaka.
The Indian police and analysts also
claim that the Harkat group has links with banned Islamic militant groups
in Pakistan, such as Jaish-e-Mohammed and Laskar-e-Toiba, and the Middle
East.
There is also evidence that Harkat
members and Muslim refugees from Burma--the Rohingyas (See story on page
17)--have been sent to fight against the Indians in Kashmir, the anti-Taliban
forces in Afghanistan and the Russians in Chechnya since the late 1990s.
Meanwhile, the REVIEW met young
Muslim radicals from Malaysia and Indonesia in the southeast coastal towns
of Cox's Bazar and Chittagong who were meeting with local Muslim groups.
Their presence adds fuel to fears that Bangladesh could become a haven
for militants of all nations.
But while the threat is growing,
the influence of fundamentalism is nothing new. The door was opened by
the military, who needed to find a support base to counter the secular,
leftist policies of the Awami League, when the two fell out not long after
leading the country to independence.
The next major step came when Lt.-Gen.
Hussain Muhammad Ershad, who ruled the country from 1982-90, declared Islam
as the state religion. He also brought the Jamaat back in from the cold
to help crush the secular opposition. The armed forces are believed to
retain close contacts with fundamentalists.
Ironically, the rest of the world
first became acquainted with the growing religious intolerance and creeping
fundamentalism in Bangladesh in 1993, when Muslim author Taslima Nasrin
fled the country after receiving death threats for being critical about
aspects of Islam in her writings. She returned to see her dying mother
in 1998, but was soon forced to flee once more. Bangladeshi human-rights
groups say the Harkat was behind the threats against her and the attempted
murder in early 1999 of popular poet Shamsur Rahman, symbol of the nation's
secular identity. The 70-year old also chaired a national committee of
editors, writers and artists dedicated to resisting fundamentalist forces
opposed to individualism and democracy.
GOVERNMENT INACTION
But despite the clear evidence of
creeping fundamentalism over the past decade, successive governments, including
the current one, seem either unable or unwilling to tackle the problem.
Awami League leader Sheikh Hasina
Wajed, whose government was ousted at the October poll, said in mid-March
that the new BNP-led coalition government has created "a reign of terror
across the country." Prime Minister Khaleda Zia, in turn, accused the Awami
League of being engaged in a "conspiracy to disrupt peace" and pledged
that her government is determined to "control terrorism with an iron hand."
The law-and-order situation must
be tackled if Bangladesh is to continue receiving the overseas aid it relies
on. But neither party seems to link the violence to a growing fundamentalist
threat--they blame each other for it and so fail to address the root causes.
Coalition government officials deny there is any such problem while the
middle class tend to dismiss the fundamentalists as irrelevant. Begum Zia,
responding to opposition charges about her Jamaat cabinet colleagues, insisted
there were no Taliban in her government, according to a report in India's
The Hindu newspaper on January 11.
The overseas community, while concerned
about increased violence, also seems to downplay the threat. Some observers
say this may partly be because their intelligence channels are not very
good, adding that most Western embassies in Dhaka are aid-oriented. When
British Prime Minister Tony Blair visited in January--defying street protests--the
war on terrorism was high on the agenda and Bangladesh offered to join
an international security force in Afghanistan.
But it seems the growing religious
extremism and intolerance within Bangladesh, and the rise of groups linked
to overseas militant groups, were not addressed in depth during his meetings
with government officials.
For the time being Bangladesh's
secular roots are holding, but the fundamentalist cause is in the ascendant.
And as the rise of militant Muslim groups in Indonesia has shown, economic
collapse and political crisis can galvanize support for extremists very
quickly.
The process is not irreversible,
but if left unchallenged for too long, Bangladesh could deteriorate and
become a new nest for terror. There is still time for a counter-revolution.
