Author: B. Raman
Publication: South Asia Analysis
Group
Date: June 2, 2003
URL: http://www.saag.org/paper8/paper701.html
The Cambodian authorities announced
on May 30, 2003, the arrest of two Thais and an Egyptian on suspicion of
having links with the Jemaah Islamiyah(JI), an extremist organisation of
South-East Asia, which is alleged to be associated with Osama bin Laden's
Al Qaeda. The JI has been blamed by the Indonesian authorities for last
October's explosion in Bali. The Cambodian authorities also ordered the
expulsion from their country of 28 teachers belonging to Nigeria, Pakistan,
Sudan, Thailand, Yemen and Egypt along with their families, making a total
of 47 persons. They were reported to be searching for another foreigner--described
as an Yemeni -- on a charge of links with the JI.
2. According to the Cambodian authorities,
all these persons were associated with a school run by an organisation
called the Umm al Qura (UAQ), which has also been ordered to close down
its activities, including the school. The arrested Egyptian named Esam
Mohammad Khidr Ali has been described as the chief of the UAQ. In addition
to Phnom Penh, it had two branches in the provinces, which have also been
ordered to close down.
3. Media reports say that these
actions were taken on the basis of intelligence received from the USA about
the association of the UAQ and the arrested individuals with the JI and
the likely threat of a terrorist action by them during the meetings of
the Foreign Ministers of the ASEAN and the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) member-countries
at Phnom Penh from June 16 to 21. Gen.Colin Powell, the US Secretary of
State, is among those expected to attend these meetings.
4.Cambodia has an estimated total
population of about 12 million, of whom more than 11 million are Buddhists
and the remaining non-Buddhists, belonging to Islam, Christianity, the
Vietnamese Cao Dai religion and the Bahai faith. Islam is the religion
of the Cham and Malay minorities. Its adherents are mostly found in Phnom
Penh and in the rural fishing villages of the Kompong Cham, Kompong Chhnang,
and Kampot provinces. About 90 per cent of the Muslims belong to the Malay-influenced
Shafi branch (Sunnis). The remaining are the Saudi influenced Wahabis,
adherents of an idigenous branch called the Iman-San and the Quadianis
of Indo-Pakistan origin.
5. Before the Khmer Rouge seized
power, the total number of Muslims in the country was estimated at about
200,000. Their number came down due to persecution by the communists, with
many who could escape massacres by the communists fleeing the country.
There was an increase in the number of Muslims after the end of the communist
rule, but no estimate of their present number is available.
6. Those, who survived the communist
persecution and stayed on in the country, found themselves forced to abandon
their religious practices. The Khmer Rouge destroyed about 130 mosques
in the country and the persecution of the Mullas resulted in a steep decline
in their number from over 100 to about 20.
7. Since the end of the war against
the Soviet troops in Afghanistan in the late 1980s, there has been an attempt
by Islamic organisations in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia to remove the lingering
influence of communism from the minds of the Muslims of Cambodia and to
promote a resurgence of Islam. Amongst the organisations playing an active
role in this connection are the Tablighi Jamaat (TJ) of Pakistan and the
Umm Al-Qura University of Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
8. The TJ, which came into existence
in India during the British rule, describes its objective as to make all
Muslims good Muslims by improving their knowledge and understanding of
the Holy Koran and to remove sectarian differences in the religion. The
headquarters of the TJ are still located in India, where it continues to
follow its original objectives and has avoided getting involved in any
extremist activities.
9. However, since the anti-Soviet
war in Afghanistan, the Pakistan branch of the TJ has been increasingly
associated with the activities of terrorist organisations such as the Harkat-ul-
Mujahideen (HUM), the Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami (HUJI), the Lashkar-e-Toiba
(LET), the Jaish-e-Mohammad (JEM) and the Sunni extremist Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
(LEJ), all of which are members of bin Laden's International Islamic Front
(IIF).
10. Despite this association, which
is more clandestine than open, the TJ, till a few years ago, was not viewed
with suspicion by many countries of the world. The preachers of the TJ
had, therefore, no difficulty in getting visas for undertaking visits to
other countries for teaching the Holy Koran to the local Muslims and for
training Mullas. Taking advantage of this, the above- mentioned terrorist
organisations started sending their cadres as members of the teaching teams
of the TJ to other countries for establishing clandestine links with local
Muslim organisations and inducing them to take to jihad against the US
and Israel and their non-Muslim oppressors. Following this, some countries
in Africa, Russia and China stopped issuing visas to the TJ teaching teams.
11.The US too has started taking
the TJ more seriously following the arrests of some local residents of
Yemeni origin (near New York) last year, who had allegedly been to Afghanistan.
It was reported that the investigation brought out that they had initially
gone to Pakistan ostensibly to attend the annual convention of the TJ and
from there went to Afghanistan.
12. The TJ also provides financial
assistance to Muslim students from other countries for studying in the
madrasas of Pakistan. Nearly 400 students from Malaysia, Indonesia and
Thailand were studying in the madrasas of Pakistan last year with scholarships
provided by the TJ, which recruits the students for studies in the Pakistani
madrasas not only during the visits of its teaching teams to South-East
Asia (SEA), but also from amongst the Muslim nationals of the South-East
Asian countries working in the Gulf. They are persuaded to go to Pakistan
for jihadi training in the madrasas, after which they go back to the Gulf
to resume their work. During their annual visits to their home towns for
their vacation, they are encouraged to spread the ideology of the terrorist
organisations.
13. Many Muslim youth from Cambodia
go to Kelantan in Malaysia for religious studies and are often contacted
there too by touring TJ teams, which persuade them to become better Muslims
by studying in the madrasas of Pakistan. It is estimated that every year,
about 400 Cambodian Muslims go to Malaysia and another 80 to Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia for religious studies.
14. Lt.Gen.(retd). Javed Nasir,
former Director-General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) during
the first tenure of Nawaz Sharif as the Prime Minister (1990-93), is an
active member of the TJ. He had functioned as its Amir while heading the
ISI as well as after he was sacked by the Pakistan Government under US
pressure in 1993. In a defamation suit filed by him against a Pakistani
newspaper, which is presently being heard before a Pakistani court, he
has narrated how he had organised a secret airlift of weapons to the Bosnian
Muslims which, according to him, had angered the US against him.
15. After he was sacked from the
ISI, he used to visit the S.E.Asian countries, including Cambodia, with
TJ teams to promote Islamic resurgence. Many Saudi organisations, including
the UAQ University of Saudi Arabia, have also been providing funds to the
mosques and religious schools of Cambodia to promote Islamic resurgence.
But, while the TJ projects itself as free of any sectarian preferences,
the UAQ and other Saudi organisations want to encourage the spread of orthodox
Wahabism amongst the Muslims of Cambodia, in order to increase their number.
16. The campaign for the promotion
of Islamic resurgence in Cambodia consists of activities such as construction
of new mosques (their number is estimated at about 150), renovation of
mosques damaged during the communist rule, spread of Islamic education,
training new mullas,encouraging the observance of Islamic practices, teaching
the Arabic language etc. The Wahabi clerics of Pakistan, who were close
to the Taliban,were influenced by the Taliban's campaign against the Buddhist
influence in Afghanistan, which led to the demolition of the historic Buddhist
statue at Bamiyan in 2001. They carry their anti-Buddhist propaganda with
them wherver they go. Cambodia is no exception. They call for removing
what they describe as the distorting influence of not only communism, but
also Buddhism and Hinduism from the minds of the Cambodian Muslims. This
is because it is alleged that many Cham Muslims, in addition to attending
prayers in the mosques, continue to worship the Buddha and the Hindu deities
at home and visit the Hindu shrines in Angkor Vat for prayers.
17. The indicators till last year
were that the main objective of all these Saudi and Pakistani assisted
activities were to re-introduce and strengthen orthodoxy in the Muslim
religion in Cambodia and not to instigate them to take to jihadi terrorism
of the bin Laden kind. Despite this, foreign intelligence agencies were
nervous over the unchecked activities of foreign Muslim radical elements
in Cambodia. That this nervousness was also shared by some people in Cambodia,
even local Muslims, was evident from an interview given by Ahmad Yahya,
one of the prominent Muslims of Cambodia, who is also a Member of Parliament,
to the New York Times (December 23,2002) He said:" I told the (US) Ambassador,
don't worry about our people. Our people I can guarantee. But the Bangladeshis,
Afghans, Pakistanis, Saudis and people like that who come here, I cannot
guarantee."
18.The arrests and expulsions ordered
by the Cambodian Government and the closure of the Saudi-funded Islamic
school show that this nervousness was well-founded.
(The writer is Additional Secretary
(retd), Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and, presently,
Director, Institute For Topical Studies, Chennai, and Convenor, Advisory
Committee, Observer Research Foundation, Chennai Chapter E-Mail: corde@vsnl.com).
