Author: Ramesh N. Rao
Publication: ReligionAndSpirituality.com
Date: July 27, 2007
URL: http://www.religionandspirituality.com/hinduism/view.php?StoryID=20070727-031337-7559r
In the preface to the book "Invading
the Sacred: An Analysis of Hinduism Studies in America," the Birks Professor
of Comparative Religion at McGill University, Professor Arvind Sharma lays
it out all and best about the decade-old public spat between a grass-roots
group of mostly Indian-American citizens and the well-entrenched and powerful
group of Western academics in elite American universities. The spat deals
with the description, analysis and symbolism of Hindu deities and sacred texts,
as well as of Hindu ritual, worship and beliefs.
The tale in this nearly 550-page book is at once complex and simple. It started
with Rajiv Malhotra discovering a Freudian analysis of the most popular Hindu
deity, Lord Ganesha, in Paul Courtright's book "Ganesa: Lord of Obstacles,
Lord of Beginnings". It is not important or even necessary to go through
the series of essays, articles, letters to the editor, readers' comments,
etc. (running to the tens of thousands of pages) about the book and the controversy
it generated to get a handle on the nature of the controversy. One can easily
get lost in the byways of tangential arguments and personal spats if s/he
were to sift through the enormous material on the Internet about this issue
and the varieties of personalities involved in it, including me. In fact,
I get credit in the book as a contributor, as I have written the introduction
to Dr. Alan Roland's essay, and because my essays in the Indian-American newspaper
India Abroad have been summarized in the book.
The book helps the novice reader by summarizing the issue in a fairly cogent
manner. It shows that the gratuitous sexualizing of the symbol and deity of
Lord Ganesha (of the elephant head) - and proposing that Lord Ganesha's trunk
symbolizes a limp phallus - is an example of the far-fetched, idiosyncratic
and puerile "analyses" that crowd the pages of so much of modern
literary criticism, cultural studies and religious studies textbooks and journals.
Rajiv Malhotra, who started the Infinity Foundation, and who wishes to bring
to the study of Indic traditions the same clout, heft and influence of China
studies, came out with guns blazing and tried to reverse the gaze of the Western
academic, arguing that these scholars themselves should be put under the Freudian
lens because they marketed their peccadilloes and their fetishes by masking
them in scholarly jargon. In the age of the Internet, the public space has
been truly democratic and is wide open for a variety of voices - the angry
and the sedate, the sane and the ludicrous, the intelligent and the ignorant,
the wise and the foolish - like at no other time in history, and there were
some angry, rude and bullying exchanges which Paul Courtright, Wendy Doniger
and some of their colleagues characterized as violent.
The bottom-line is that one cannot play someone else's game by his/her own
rules. So, does Lord Ganesha's trunk symbolize a limp phallus to Hindu believers?
No, of course not. The symbolism and iconography related to Lord Ganesha is
captured well in the Wikipedia entry on Ganesha. But influenced by Courtright's
far-fetched claims, even the Baltimore Museum seemed to buy into Courtright's
interpretation: that "Ganesha's trunk represents a 'limp phallus' so
that Ganesha would not have sex with his mother, Parvati, in competition with
the 'hard penis' of his father, Shiva."
This was countered by Professor Antonio de Nicolas, one of the editors of
"Invading the Sacred," who refuted the argument about academic freedom,
pointing out that "The first responsibility of a scholar in describing,
writing, speaking, and teaching other cultures is to present those cultures
or the elements of those cultures in the same manner those cultures are viewed
by themselves and by the people of those cultures. If not, then the scholar
is using those cultures in name only and his goal is their destruction, if
not in intention at least in fact. A scholar who does not know how to present
other cultures by their own criteria should not be allowed to teach those
cultures. His freedom of speech is not guaranteed by his ignorance. His degree
is a privilege of knowledge, not ignorance. Freedom stops here. Opinions are
not the food of the classroom at the hands of professors. They guarantee knowledge."
When I quoted this statement in an essay I wrote for India Abroad, Professor
Martha Nussbaum claimed in an essay in The Boston Review that I was a Hindu
militant who wanted Courtright to stop teaching! She wrote: "For writing
this book 20 years ago, Courtright has recently received death threats; even
the public face of the opposition is extraordinarily threatening, including
prominent claims in periodicals as respectable as India Abroad that Courtright's
academic freedom should be revoked and that his university (Emory) should
not allow him to teach." Such circling of the wagons by powerful and
influential academic and media voices was not unexpected and showed how uneven
the field still is.
Why get angry about this interpretation when we have allowed our artists to
dunk a plastic icon of Jesus in urine and use elephant dung to draw a picture
of the Virgin Mary, seems to be the argument of free speech advocates and
scholars at one level, and at yet at another level they claim "authenticity
and rigor" for their Freudian and idiosyncratic interpretations of others'
religious symbols and texts: so, what is it? Freedom of speech, or rigorous
and authentic scholarship?
Supporters of Professor Courtright argue that scholarly inquiry should not
be stifled and that well-structured analyses, vetted by peers, should be the
sole guideline for forays into all and every territory. But as Professor Sharma
lays it out clearly in his preface, how do we verify interpretations of religion,
faith and belief when such interpretation is not based on facts? Such interpretations,
not based on fact, are neither falsifiable historically or phenomenologically,
he correctly argues. The question he therefore poses is important: "How
to adjudicate differences of opinion, sometimes sharp, between the academic
and faith communities, with criteria acceptable to both? The insiders, after
all, cannot be excluded indefinitely."
Professors Doniger, Courtright and others and their sympathetic supporters
have not had to deal with "insiders" till now. However, with 2 million
Indian-Americans, and many of them deeply educated and informed in their own
faith traditions, but not belonging to or part of religion departments or
who are literary critics, there had to be a confrontation sometime, and this
book is all about that confrontation. What has shaken the Western academics
teaching and studying Hinduism is the gift and scholarship of their Hindu-American
interlocutors. A good friend of mine, Vishal Agarwal, an engineer by training,
and a self-taught Hindu and Indic traditions scholar, has deconstructed Courtright's
thesis, and shown that not only is the Freudian analysis unsubstantiated but
that Courtright's command over the Hindu texts and traditions is shaky. Courtright
and his friends have not bothered to respond to the detailed critique by Agarwal.
At times, in the past, I have sounded shrill when arguing about such matters.
But as many of the contributors in the book have pointed out, that shrillness
and anger are also the result of an uneven playing field that has advantaged
the entrenched Western academics and their powerful supporters in the media
and government, who deliberately and carefully plan to and have shut out the
voices of the "other" in the past, but who are less able to wield
such power in the age of the Internet.
As a new and small immigrant community with a long, rich and powerful religious
and cultural tradition, Hindu-Americans have begun to find their voice in
their new home. That voice has been caricatured and characterized as uncivil,
angry and even violent, because some of the Internet postings in response
to the essays, especially by Rajiv Malhotra, are indeed uncivil and angry.
However, those who claim that they feel threatened by all this are either
ignorant of the free-for-all nature of cyberspace and the angry, shrill, violent
postings of a variety of issues on a variety of sites by a variety of people
or are deliberately trying to malign the Hindu-American community and muzzle
the voices of the most influential in that community.
For all those interested in the debates about religion, religious diversity,
intellectual freedom, freedom of speech and related issues, "Invading
the Sacred" should be compulsory reading.
